HABBA KHATOON OF KASHMIR

    Habba Khatoon was born in a ordinary Muslim family at Chandahar,a village about 10km from pampore known for its Saffron fields.But the most fragrant bloom produced by this place was certainly Habba Khatoon.
Habba Khatoon was known by the local name"Zoon".which in kashmir means moon.The name is quite common among Hindus andMuslims in the valley.She retained it till her marriage with king Yousuf Shah Chak who  ruled kashmir from 1579 to 1589 A.D.
Her father,Abdullah Rather sent her to Maktab{school}.There she learnt some portions of the Persian poet Sadi's Gulistan and Bostan.It sharpened her latent and poetic capacity gifted with a most melodies voice.This nightingale of kashmir soon began to sing the verses of the persian-master and also the poems of the native kashmir poets.This made her the centre of all eyes,particularly of the village youths.Her parents decide to marry her when she was in her early teens.
"Zoon" was married to an ordinary village youth but she was not happy in her husband's home.Her husband was insensitive to her poetic gift,Moreover her singing also brought unhappiness to her father-in-law.
Soon she was discovered by king Yousuf Shah Chak.One morning,when zoon was working alone in her saffron fields,Yousuf Shah Chak happened to that way.He found the whole valley over flowing with the melody of her song.Soon,he saw the singer at some distance,zoon was so engrossed in her work and her song that she hardly noticed him till he was almost before her.Yousuf shah was simply dazed when he stood calm impressed by the beauty of zoon,she immediately organized the king made her  obeisance.
Zoon now adorned the royal household.There she received the name of Habba khatoon.the name by which she is know till now.
Habba khatoon became the Queen of kashmir four centuries ago.But time has not dulled the freshness of her song and the melody of the.Habba khatoon is one of the most popular poetess of kashmir.Her poems are listened with by all delight even today.

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Friendship

 Friendship  is an inborn ocean of emotions and an ever shining flame of passion. Friendship is a single soul divided into two bodies. it increases happiness and diminishes misery by doubling our joy and dividing our sorrow. it is delightful to have friends who are so pround of our success that they receive as much pleasure from it as we do ourselves.When we perform our duty despite temptation the mental satisfaction obtainied from the approval of our conscience is heighttend by sharing it with our friends.

When fortune intflicts a heavy, unavoidable blow upon us,our grief is alleviated by friendly condolence.Word 'friend' gives us a sense of hope and support in life. Friends are always there to help us in different times.Presense of friends fills us with a sense of belonging.Friends are always our trusted tergets with whom we share our thoughts and joys,thereby, lessen our burden.Friends are like fragrance which always inspire us to touch the heights of glory in life.

In my opinion,friendship is the precious gift of God.We must be thankful to Almighty God for having bestowed us with such a fair word of frienship, that sails in our and rules in our life.

Life without a friend is like death without witness.A man is like a garden and friends its flowers.Without frienda a man is incomplete.So is garden without friends.So, dear friends, have friends to care to share to talk and to walk,that is what friendship is all about.

     We must always be prudent and discreet in salecting our friends.

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Health tips for healthy life

1.Answer the phone by left ear.

2.Do not drink coffee twice a day.

3.Do not take pills with cool water.

4.Do not have huge meals after 5pm.

5.Reduce the amount of oily food after 5pm.

6.Drink more water in the morning,less at night.

7.Keep your distance from hand phnoe chargers.

8.Do not use head phone for long period of time.

9.Best sleeping time is from 10pm at night to 6am.

10.Do not lie down immediately after taking Medicine before sleeping.

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Teacher

Teacher is the person who shapes the future of any human being. Teacher are the people who hold the candle of enlightenment,knowledge andprosperity.Any nation who doesn't respect its candles bearers can never prosper and will always remain in darkness.

A person without knowledge and intellect is worse than animals.All tribute goes to teacher who enables us every human to discover this knowledge and intellect through education. Teacher is the builder of nation.He is the backbone of society.  

Teachers are like guides who tell us how to climb the mountain.He leads us to a right path.A good teacher makes a good society.Teachers are also our friends with whom we can disscuss any kind of problem.Teachers deserve to be respected and are the most impotant part of nation.Teachers are like wheels which enable automobile to move. This respect and gretefulness is the only motivation for teachers  which make them what a admirable job they are to their nation.

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HOW TO WIN PEOPLE?

Personality plays a great part in capturing hearts. Make a study of yourself and see what advantages you have in your personality.Choose your own style and do not worry about what other people may say about it.
                 Train yourself to speak fluently,convincingly  and confidently to attract people.You must be able to know when to stop your conversation,even thought you may have more to converse,you must be prepared for different situations and view points in which you may be questioned about.
                 When we seek help or monetary assistance from our friends we must be sure that in a position to do it ,While requesting you must be effective in your words that he will readily do it for you.

               While dealing with men of great intelligence we should be careful because they would measure us in few words presense of mind, bravery and sense of wit helps us to capture their hearts.
               Be cheerful,but do not indulge in too mush humour and avoid wounding others even in fun.Maintain purity in thoughts and action.Do not loose temper in company.If you are ill treated or mucked, keep calm for "it is the cold steel that cuts".if you remain calm you can get the best of your conversation.While moving with people think from their point of view as that will get your friendship.
              Be brief in your answers to people so  that they like you.Do not indulge in useless tailking this might cause irritation.Overall  you must be perfect in everything to capture hearts.

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Examination

Examination is a big tension
It is realy out of fashion
On seeing date sheet my heart beats
But it is only that treats
I think it is a heavy load
It is realy quite bored
I am always in fear
When exams are near
But none of the pages could i turn
Mama talked about motion
While Dad gave caution
In the examination hall
My eyes rotate like a ball
At that time i am in fear
For long, this i cannot bear.

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Real Education in my view point

Education is the process of instruction aimed at the all round development of individuals,providing the necessary tools and knowledge to understand and participate in day to day activities of today;s world.
It dispels ignorance and boosts moral values of the individuals.It builds character,provides strenght of mind and increase knowledge.Education sustains the human values which contribute to individual and collect well being.It forms the basis for lifelong learning and inspires confidence to face challanges.It provides the skill to individuals to become more self reliant and aware of opportunities and rights.
   Education not only impacts on human development and economic growth but also is the fundamental requirment of democracy.Through education people become more responsible and informed citizens,have a voice in politics and society, which is essential for sustaining democracy.It is essential for eradicating poverty and it allows people to be productive playing greater roles in economic life and earning a better life.

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Modern student

 With skin tight jeans and puffed up hair,

A modern student roams here and there.

                        He loves to keep his hair fully dry,

                        And puffs out cigarette smoke to the sky,

He talks of movies,whole day long,

Always humming some disco song.

                        The college is but his picnic place,

                         Where he passes his time without grace.

Never does he bother to attend a class,

But is found of chats and rude remarks.

                         In gossisps he whiles his time away,

                        On serious matters he has nothing to say.

He is seldom seen in the lecture hall,

His favourite haunt is tea stall.

                        Notes he never prepares from his books,

                        All he needs is degree by hook or crook.

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Aim of peace education

The main aim of peace education is to educate the learners towards the situations in which they live.Due to awareness about their oppressive and exploitative conditions they become capable of initiating efforts to eliminate structural violence which is the cause of physical violence.Magnus Heavelsrud says that conscientious effort would be instrumental in the struggle for social justice on global as well as local levels including chandes in the formal education system.The main ain of peace education is also to assure the creation of culture of how  peace protects all,including those who are affected with poverty, sickness,bereavement, unemployment and  oppression.On the whole it protects masses from all types of exploitation.
Some educators define peace education in terms of international and global problems whereas others define the contents in relation to every day life situations in which the individual is an important actor.However,education for peace involves the principle of problem posing curriculum.Hence peace education should comprise curriculm that aims at teaching jutice, non violence,human rights disarmament and environmental problems and issues relevant to peace

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Gulmarg visitors paradise

   Kashmir is called paradise on earth. This proverb proves true in all seasons. But usually in spring our valley looks more beautiful.Gulmarg is one of the most beautiful places of kashmir.Gulmarg was discovered in the 16th century by sultan Yausuf shah check,husband of famous poetess,Habba Khatoon. Gulmarg is about 52km from srinagar and is situated at an altitiude of 2730 meters above sea level.Gulmarg turns into meadow of flowers during summers and a ski-resort during winters
Gulmarg is famous all over the world not only for its scenic beauty, snow clad mountains,evergreen forests,fresh water but also for its favorable environment.People came from many places to visit the Gulmarg and enjoy the freshness of its fresh atmosphere.
Golf course is a way of life at Gulmarg.it is the highest green golf course in the world.it is famous for its 18 golf holes.Gulmarg Gondola has also become a great tourist attraction.it ferries people to high altitude of kangdoori and Appherwat.The maximum hourly ferrying capacity of Gondola in 1500 persons per hour.The travel speed of the cable is 0-5 m/sec.

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The kashmir valley

Paradise on earth is my land

Streams plays here the toe of land

I  like more than diamonds of world

Tiny particles of her sand

                    She is decorrated like a bride

                    Her beautiful lap is very wide

                   She attracts all and is always

                   Visited by people of everyside

The sky seems to come down in Dal

Besides in Wular and Manasbal

Seeing her springs and gardens

The people of world take revel

                  She does not stand only for beauties

                  But has produced great personalities                  

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Amarnath in kashmir

History records that the first pilglimage to Amarnath was undertaken in 1000 BC,though little else is know of the antiquity of Amarnath.Located 141km from srinagar ,of which 45km from Pahalgam has to be trekked.Amarnath is believed tobe the holiest of Hindu shrines.

                                    sheshnag of kashmir

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Pandrethan in kashmir

Pandrethan > A village by this name is a bare three miles above srinagar.It has a well preserved temple behind the willow grove on the left hand side of the cart road.The ceiling of the shrine is rated as the best example of carving on stone in the entire valley.Though ascribed to Vishnu or Shiva, the seven square feet 'depression'in the centre carries no deity,only carved 'yakshas'.

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khir Bhawani in kashmir

Khir Bhawani: Goddess Ragnya Devi is worshipped here, symbolised by a sacred spring at Tula Mula village, 27 km from Srinagar. In the centre of the spring is a small marble temple and the Hindu inhabitants of Srinagar fast and converge at the spot on the eighth day of the full moon in the month of May when legend has it, the goddess changes the color of the waters.

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Sankaracharya temple in kashmir

The Sankaracharya temple is situated on the summit of the Takht-i-Sulaiman hill, to the south-east of Srinagar.

Neither the hill nor the temple preserves its ancient name; in Hindu times the former bore the name of Gopadri, and the latter - or more probably some earlier structure which occupied its place - that of Jyeshthegvara. But the modern name of the hill seems to be of fairly long standing, as it is mentioned by Catrou, and in a slightly altered form (Koh-i-Sulaiman) by Abul Fazl. The temple is built on a high octagonal plinth approached by a long flight of steps enclosed by two side-walls which originally bore two Persian inscriptions. One of these was dated A.H. 1O69 =A.D. 1659. Both inscriptions disappeared some time in the last few decades. The plinth is surmounted by a low parapet wall 23' 6" long on each side, the inner surface of which was originally adorned by a range of eighty-four round-headed recesses enclosed in rectangular panels. The greater part of the wall has now fallen. The shrine consists of a  cell, circular inside, with a diameter of 13' 2". Externally it is square with two projecting facets on each side  The surface is plain, except for the salient and re-entering angles of the facets. The maximum thickness of the walls in the middle of each facet is 8' 2". The interior of the sanctum is covered by a modern ceiling "composed of flat stone slabs and wooden boards, which rest on two lintels of the same material, themselves supported on four columns in the centre of the room. The south-west column bears two Persian inscriptions, one of which states that the column on which it is engraved was carved by a mason named Bihishti in the year 54 - i.e., A.H. 1054, corresponding to A.D. 1644. The date falls in the reign of Shah Jahan. It is obvious, therefore, that this ceiling with its columns was erected in the time of that king." The original ceiling, which this modern addition has hidden from view, is dome-shaped and built of horizontal courses of kanait or kanjur (a kind of light and porous limestone). The absence of the trefoiled entrance to the sanctum, and similar niches on the other three sides, is remarkable. In this respect, as in the circular interior plan, this temple is similar to the larger temple at Loduv. The brick roof seems to have been constructed within the last century.

The date of this temple has been a source of controversy among archaeologists. General Cunningham and, after him, Lieut. Cole assigned it to the times of Jalauka (whom they date 220 B.C.) on the strength of local tradition. This theory has been rejected, firstly on architectural grounds, and secondly because of the doubtful character of the tradition.

Another theory, advanced by Fergusson, is that the temple was built in the reign of Jahangir. He says that "the temple as it now stands was commenced by some nameless Hindus, in honour of Siva, during the tolerant reign of Jahangir; and that the building was stopped at the date engraved at the staircase, A.H. 1069 (A.D. 1659), the first year of the reign of the bigoted Aurangzeb. It was then unfinished, and has consequently remained a ruin ever since, which may give it an ancient look.'' But Fergusson's conclusion was based on arguments which appear to have little foundation. Among other things the Jesuit Catrou, who published his History of the Mughal Empire in 1708 A.D., only one year after Aurangzeb's death, says that the Kashmiris are descended from the Jews. " Moses is a very common name there; and some Ancient Monuments still to be seen discover 'em to be a People come out of Israel. For instance the ruins of an Edifice built on a high mountain is called at this Day the Throne of Solomon." Again, Bernier, who accompanied Aurangzeb to Kashmir in 1665, writes of the existence of an "extremely ancient building, which bears evident marks of having been a temple for idols, although named Tact-Souliman, the Throne of Solomon." These statements show that as early as the beginning of the reign of Aurangzeb the origin and authorship of the temple were lost in the mists of antiquity. They also prove that the temple had already fallen into disuse and ruin; and its construction, therefore, could not have been begun in the reign of Jahangir and stopped by Aurangzeb.

Kalhana, in his Rajatarangini (i, verse 341), definitely states that king Gopaditya built a shrine of Jyeshthesvara on the Gopadri (modern Takht-i-Sulaiman), but it cannot be asserted with certainty that the present temple is the same as that which was built by Gopaditya. It appears, however, probable that that shrine occupied the same position. Gopadityais date, and consequently that of his buildings, is uncertain. But the conjecture that the present temple must be at least a century or so earlier than that highly finished example of Kashmir architecture, the Martand temple, seems plausible.

To the north of the base is a low cell 10' 8" square, entered through a plain and nearly circular-headed low doorway. The ceiling is flat and built of plain stone slabs placed on long stone joists, which rest on remarkably long beams supported on two octagonal columns.

To the south-east of the temple base, slightly lower down the hill, is a tank 10' 1" square.

In the area in front of the temple are the ruins of two Muslim structures, probably the remains of the small mosque and garden mentioned by Bernier, and belonging perhaps to the reign of Shah Jahan, when the Persian and Arabic inscriptions in the temple were put up.

The temple of Sankaracharya commands one of the finest views in the whole of Kashmir. The view of the city with its green, turfed roofs, covered in the spring with iris, tulip, and a variety of other flowers, is without a doubt unique.

 

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