The formation of all jammu and kashmir Muslim conference in kashmir

Undoubtedly all jammu and kashmir Muslim conference awakened the people of kashmir from their deep slumber and dormance.As P.N. Bamzai had remarked with the Muslim masses groaning under several disabilities and passing through, a period of severe econamic depression,with the thousands of Hindu young men educated but unemployed the administration under an inefficient and unsympathetic bureaucracy and with the direct encouragement by the British to the agitators,the stage was set for a rising early in 1931 A.D. The Muslim press in lahore and other cities of the punjab let loose a bitter campaign of hatred and opposition against Maharaja Hari's Singh rule in jammu and kashmir.Tales of the state were published by the press which instigated the Muslim to rise against the Maharaja,who it was alleged to be heavily under the influence of his Hindu officers and his favourites.The Anglo-indian press also wrote in support of the agitators and denunciated the Maharaja and his government .Meanwhile,several Muslim young men,fresh from the universities in india,particularly Aligarh,where they had met Muslim leader and propagators of pan-Islamisim,organized themselves into a group,holding frequent meetings at the Muslim Reading Room in srinagar.
Frustrated at their failure to enter state service direct on responsible and remunerative posts,they concluded that unless they had the backing of the masses,they had no future in the land of their birth.By and by,they organized large meetings and carried on a whispering but ineffective campaign against what they termed a Hindu state.their political activities were thus based on purely communal lines,which  later on assumed a painful aspect.they had the tacit support of the British Indian Government as well as the British minister.
The Maharaja, ignorant of the feelings and aspirations of the  people,did not take any initiative in winning back their good will and confidence,All these factors lead to the formation of Muslim conference .The most zealous and  conspicuous among the young agitators was Sheikh Muhammad A dbullah.After obtaining a Masters degree from Aligarh university,he had returned to kashmir.Although he had received a advanced education.he could secure only the post of a teacher in a government school.Being frustrated the sheikh raised the voice of protest against the Maharaja's policy of denying high jobs in the state service to the Muslim and resigned his job in protest.
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Snow fall in kashmir

Snow fall in kashmir




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About Kushan occupation of kashmir

 As we know ,Jaluka was succeeded by Damodra 11. The later built a town on the Damadra-suda (modern Damdra udar) round an arid alluvial  plateau to the south of srinagar.He also wished to arrange for its irrigation through a canal  which .however could not be onstructed owing to the opposition of some Brahmans.
After he passed away ,kashmir is said to have come under the kushan occupation.The north-west india was,no doubt ,subjected toi several foreign invations following the fall of the  Mauryan Empire and Kashmir could not possibly keep herself immune from these convulsion.
There ia a suggestion that for a breif period a part of it came even under the  indo-greek  and the sakas.Manendar also called Millinda (165-145 B.C ) haf definitely incorporated into his kingdom Gandhra and some parts of the Punjab and made Sialkot as a capital.
The Sakas who followed the Greek controlled a much larger part of northh-west india,including Gandhara,the swat vally and possible a part of kashmir .the sakas were overthrown  in india by kushanas in the begining of the first century A.D. Under the later,small and fragmented atates were once again united .Their empire included not only the regions of northern and north-western indian but also of central Asia and Afganistan.
According to kalhana among the kushan rulers whose sway extended to  kashmir included Juska and Kanishka.Each  one of them founded here a town after his name ,these were called Huskapura (Uskar),Juskapura(Zukur) and kanishka pura (kanispura) respectively.
Kaniska is identified with the well-know kushan ruler of india of the same name.According to a Buddhist tradition he convened the fourth Buddhist council at a place called Kundalvana in kashmir,although some scholars opine that it was held at Jallundar in the Punjab.
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Tarapida;s reign

Tarapida ascended the throne in 79-20.His inglorious rule of four years was full of cruel and bloody deeds.the oppressed people fled to forests and hills to escape the malicious deeds of the king and his minions.
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Founder of Utpala dynasty

After the fall of karkota dynasty,kashmir came under the rule of the Utpala dynasty.Avantivarman was the founder of the dynasty who ruled kashmir 855 to 883 A.D. He was the most powerful and energetic king of this dynasty.
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Lalitadiya of past kashmir

Construction of irrigation works and improvement of agriculture
Before the time  of Lalitaditya,the vally of kashmir had been subject to recurring menace of annual floods due to the silting up of the bed of river jehlum.He was the first king of kashmir to realize that by clearing the bed of the river of rocks and silt,the flow of water would be accelerated and more water would be available for irrigation.In this respect he was the forerunner of Suyya,the great engineer  of Avantivarman.Lalitaditya got the passage cleared and,thus areas of swamps became available for cultivationj of crops.Similarly,he constructed them fit for agriculture.To augment water resoures.he also built numerous irrigation canals.Kalhana records that lalitadiya made distributary arrangements at Chakradhra and other karewas of lifting water of the vitasta and its distributaries to many villages by the construction od a series of water wheels,thus making more water available for irrigation purposes.the commulative effect of building these irrigation works was the large tracts of land which were previously under-used became productive.the production of crops increased which added to the prosperity of the people.
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